1400 Gower wrote “In Praise of Peace” for Henry IV.
1400.10.25 Chaucer died.
1400 England’s Henry IV invaded Scotland.
1400.7.7 Charles VI ceded Dreux to Louis of Orléans. France
1400.8.1 Johannes von Saaz’s wife Margaretha died. Germany
1400.8.20 Germany deposed King Wenceslaus. Germany
1400-10 Ruprecht ruled Germany.
1400-13 Doge Michele Steno governed Venice.
1401.2.14 Love Court published its charter. Christine de Pizan
1401 Bruni translated Basil’s Letter to Young Men.
1401 King Sigismund was imprisoned. Hungary
1401.9 Ruprecht made his son Ludwig imperial vicar. Germany
1401.10.21 Milanese defeated Ruprecht III. Milan
1402.3 Louis of Orléans was guardian of Pope Benedict. France
1402.6.26 Visconti and Milanese defeated Bologna. Milan Rome
1402 Vergerio wrote on free-born youth.
1402 Guilds elected an assembly in Hungary.
1402 Teutonic Order purchased Newmark. Germany
1402 University of Würzburg was founded. German Empire
1402 Epidemic killed two-thirds of Icelanders. Iceland
1402 Castile colonized the Canary Islands.
1402.9.8 Bernardino became a Franciscan Observant.
1402.9.14 English led by Hotspur defeated Scots. Scotland
1402-04 Ladislaus of Naples tried to claim Hungary.
1402-12 Gian Maria Visconti ruled Milan.
1402-23 Duke Reinald IV ruled Guelders & Jülich. Low Countries
1402-27 Feodor ruled Ryazan. Russia
1402-39 Friedrich IV ruled Further Austria. Germany
1403.2 Henry IV married Joan of Navarre.
1403 Greeks, Serbs & Venice made peace with Turks. Greece
1403 Prague university condemned articles. Jan Hus
1403.7 Paul of Burgos became bishop of Cartagena. Castile
1403.7.21 Henry IV defeated rebels at Shrewsbury.
1403.10.1 Pope Boniface IX recognized King Ruprecht. Germany
1404 Siena became independent.
1404 Conversino wrote on the preferable way of life. Vergerio
1404 Prussia excluded English cloth. Germany
1404.7 France allied with Owain Glyndwr.
1404.10.1 Pope Boniface IX died.
1404.11.4 Venice conquered Padua.
1404-06 Cosimo Migliorati was Pope Innocent VII.
1404-17 Willem VI of Holland ruled Hainault & Zeeland. Low Countries
1404-19 Duke Jean ruled Burgundy. France
1405.3.31 Jean of Burgundy inherited Flanders. France
1405.6 Appenzell defeated Austrian troops. Swiss
1405 Bruni became secretary to Pope Innocent VII.
1405 Basel was destroyed by fire. Swiss
1405 Castile made Jews wear badges.
1405 Granada’s Muhammad VII attacked Castile.
1405 Christine de Pizan wrote "Christine’s Vision."
1405 Christine wrote City of Ladies & Three Virtues.
1405 Dublin citizens killed 500 O’Byrnes. Ireland
1405.8 French captured Pisa.
1405.9 Marbach league was formed. Germany
1405.11.7 Gerson spoke on less royal power. France
1405.12.1 Queen, Berry & Orléans allied against Burgundy. France
1405-08 Dutch were banned from Danzig. Germany
1406.3 Pirates gave James of Scotland to Henry IV.
1406 Enrique III made Paul of Burgos chancellor. Castile
1406.10.9 Florence captured Pisa.
1406.10.26 Erik married Henry IV’s daughter Philippa. Kalmar Union
1406-09 Venetian Angelo Correr was Pope Gregory XII.
1406-20 Robert Stewart was regent of Scotland.
1406-16 Fernando of Aragon ruled Castile as regent.
1406-18 Catalina ruled northern Castile as regent.
1406-24 Ernest ruled Styria, Carinthia & Carniola. Germany
1407.1.10 England and Flanders agreed on free trade. Low Countries
1407 Ruprecht made peace with the Marbach league. Germany
1407 Margrete bought Gotland from Teutonic Order. Kalmar Union
1407 Gerson finished books on mystical theology.
1407.11.23 Jean of Burgundy had Louis of Orléans killed. France
1408.2.19 Northern rebellion was defeated in England. Henry IV
1408 Guarino brought 50 Greek texts to Venice.
1408 Sigismund led crusaders against Croats. Hungary
1408 Lithuania made a treaty with Moscow. Russia
1408 English translations of the Bible were banned. Henry IV
1408, 1412 Queen Catalina decreed anti-Jewish laws. Castile
1408-17 Yusuf III ruled Granada.
1408-43 Donatello sculpted in Florence.
1409.6.5 Pisa Council deposed popes Gregory & Benedict. Popes
1409.6.26 Oxford banned 7 books on unorthodox theology. Henry IV
1409 Venice bought Dalmatia from Naples.
1409 Czech students elected Jan Hus rector.
1409 Prussia and England signed a commercial treaty. Germany
1409 Lithuania & Poland made war on the Teutonic Order. Germany
1409 University of Leipzig was founded. German Empire
1409-10 Peter of Candia was Pope Alexander V.
1410.4.15 Armagnac alliance opposed Burgundy. France
1410 Fernando of Aragon captured Antequera. Castile Granada
1410.7.15 Poles and Lithuanians defeated Knights. Poland Germany
1410.7.16 Wyclif’s writings were burned in Prague. Jan Hus
1410-15 Baldassare Cossa was Pope John XXIII.
1410-37 Sigismund ruled Germany.
1411.2.1 Poland returned Samogitia to Lithuania.
1411.5 Bologna revolted from the Church. Popes
1411 Guarino published Plutarch’s essay on education.
1411 Jean of Burgundy allied with the English. Henry IV
1411.7 Sigismund was elected emperor. Rome
1411.7.24 Highlanders fought Lowlanders in Scotland.
1411.11.13 7 Swiss cantons became combourgoisie.
1411-14 Cortona fought against Ladislas of Naples. Florence
1412.1.6 Jeanne d’Arc was born in Domremy.
1412.2.13 Charles VI imposed war tax of 600,000 francs. France
1412.5.18 Henry IV allied with Orléans, Berry & Bourbon. France
1412 Venetian army defeated Hungarians. Venice
1412.8.22 Armagnacs made peace with Burgundy. France
1412-13 Christine de Pizan wrote The Book of Peace.
1412-15 Hungarians lost war against Venice. Hungary
1412-16 Fernando I ruled Aragon. Castile
1412-39 Erik ruled Denmark, Sweden & Norway. Kalmar Union
1412-47 Filippo Maria Visconti ruled Milan.
1413.1 Church Council ordered Wyclif’s writing burned. Rome
1413.4.28 Cabochiens besieged the Bastille. France
1413.5.26 Paris Parlement accepted Cabochien reforms. France
1413.6.8 Ladislaus of Naples sacked Rome.
1413 Genoa re-established its republic.
1413 Thomas a Kempis was ordained a priest. Imitation of Christ
1413.8.4 Paris Parlement approved Pontoise peace. France
1413.9.5 Charles VI cancelled Cabochien reforms. France
1413.10.2 Szlachta & Lithuanian boyars signed a treaty. Lithuania
1413.12 Pope John XXIII called 16th general council. Constance
1413-14 Christians and Jews debated the Messiah. Castile
1413-22 Henry V ruled England.
1413-23 Doge Tommaso Mocenigo governed Venice.
1413-25 Bishop Olafsson governed Iceland.
1414.2.10 Jean of Burgundy’s army came to Paris. France
1414.7 Flemings refused to fight outside of Flanders. Low Countries
1414.12 Jan Hus was imprisoned at Constance.
1414-18 Church Council at Constance ended schism.
1414-20 John Talbot was lieutenant in Ireland.
1414-22 Prussian nobles made war on peasants. Germany
1414-35 Giovanna ruled Naples.
1415.3.11 Pope Benedict XIII banned the Talmud. Castile
1415.3.13 Charles VI & Burgundy ratified a peace treaty. France
1415.3.30 Swiss Confederation conquered some of Aargau.
1415.4.6 Council at Constance claimed authority.
1415.5.29 Constance Council deposed Pope John XXIII.
1415 Barbaro wrote On Marriage. Guarino
1415 Vladmiri advocated tolerant proselytizing. Poland
1415 Talbot pacified Irish chieftains in midlands. Ireland
1415.7.4 Pope Gregory XII abdicated.
1415.7.6 Sigismund had Jan Hus burned for heresy. Germany
1415.7.6 Henry V declared war on Charles VI.
1415.7 Portuguese captured Ceuta. Portugal
1415.8.14 Henry V and his English army invaded France.
1415.9.2 Czech nobles protested the execution of Jan Hus.
1415.9.22 French surrendered Harfleur to the English. Henry V
1415.10.25 English army defeated French at Agincourt. France Henry V
1415.11 Paolo Orsini plundered Rome.
1415.12.18 Dauphin Louis of Guyenne died. France
1415, 1417 Sigismund held Reichstags at Constance.
1415-27 Duke Jan IV ruled Brabant, Lothier & Limburg. Low Countries
1415-40 Charles of Orléans was imprisoned in England. French
1416.1 Fernando withdrew obedience from Benedict. Constance
1416.5.30 Jerome of Prague was burned for heresy. Bohemia
1416 Turkish ships attacked Venetian ships. Venice
1416 Fishermen began knotting larger nets. Low Countries
1416 Erik started a war to get Holstein. Kalmar Union
1416.10.15 Council named Spanish & Portuguese a nation. Constance
1416-59 Alfonso V was king of Aragon.
1417.3.29 Envoys from Castile arrived at Constance.
1417.6 Perugia’s Braccio da Montone occupied Rome.
1417 Prague University declared Hus a holy martyr. Bohemia
1417.7.23 12,000 Englishmen landed at Touques. Henry V
1417.7.26 Constance Council deposed Pope Benedict XIII.
1417.8 England’s Henry V invaded Normandy. France
1417.9.30 Sigismund claimed Friesland & imposed tax. Low Countries
1417.11 Council of Constance elected Pope Martin V.
1417.11.16 Henry V made truce with Brittany & Anjou.
1417-31 Oddo Colonna was Pope Martin V.
1417-44 Vergerio taught at Buda. Hungary
1418.1.10 Queen Ysabel empowered Jean of Burgundy. France
1418.2.22 Pope Martin & Council condemned Hussites. Constance
1418.3.10 Jan IV van Brabant wed Jacoba of Hainault. Low Countries
1418.3.21 Council of Constance approved seven reforms.
1418.5 Parisians defeated Armagnacs. France
1418 Sigismund sent army to invade Friuli. Venice
1418.7.29 Henry V’s English army besieged Rouen. France
1418.10 Scotland recognized Pope Martin V.
1418-44 Bernardino preached to many people.
1419.1.19 Rouen surrendered to the English. France Henry V
1419 University of Rostock was founded. German Empire
1419.7 Jean of Burgundy made a treaty with France.
1419.7.30 Zizka and others killed councilors at Prague. Bohemia
1419.9.10 Orleanists murdered Jean of Burgundy. France
1419.11.10 Taborites attacked Bohemian troops. Bohemia
1419.12.25 Philippe of Burgundy allied with Henry V. France
1419-20 Pope Martin V resided at Florence.
1419-37 Sigismund claimed he ruled Bohemia. German Empire
1419-43 Castile fought Hanseatic ports.
1419-54 Juan II ruled Castile.
1419-67 Philippe ruled Burgundy. Burgundy France French
1420.1.8 Charles VI made Henry V regent of France.
1420.3.1 Pope Martin V declared crusade against Bohemia.
1420.6.2 Henry V married Catherine of France.
1420 Prussian law set maximum wages. Constance
1420 Albrecht V destroyed a Jewish community. German Empire
1420 Burgundy allied with England’s Henry V.
1420.7 Sigismund’s 100,000 crusaders attacked Prague. Bohemia
1420.7 Enrique captured Juan II in coup. Castile
1420-24 Murdoch Stewart was regent of Scotland.
1420-45 James Butler was lieutenant in Ireland.
1421.1.3 Charles VI banished his son Charles. France
1421.3.12 Albrecht V had 212 Jews burned. German Empire
1421.6 Bohemian assembly chose 20 regents. Bohemia
1421 Florentine merchants purchased Livorno. Florence
1421 Giovanna of Naples made Alfonso V her heir. Aragon
1421.9 200,000 Germans invaded Bohemia. German Empire
1422.1.6 Zizka’s army attacked Nebovid and pillaged. Bohemia
1422.1 Germans invading Moravia fled. German Empire
1422.5.16 Korybutowicz began governing from Prague. Bohemia
1422.6.20 Milan defeated five Swiss cantons.
1422 Florence began fighting against expansive Milan.
1422 Cicero’s De Oratore was discovered at Lodi. Guarino
1422 Duke Humphrey of Gloucester married Jacoba. Low Countries
1422 Constable Alvaro de Luna arrested Enrique. Castile
1422 English elected Bedford regent in France.
1422 Alain Chartier wrote Quadrilogue Invectif. Christine
1422.8.31 Henry V died near Paris. Henry V
1422.9.27 Teutonic Order ceded Samogitia to Lithuania.
1422.10.22 Charles VI died in Berry. France
1422-35 John of Bedford governed Normandy. England
1422-37 Humphrey of Gloucester governed England. England
1422-61 Charles VII ruled France. France
1423.2 Jacqueline of Hainault wed Duke of Gloucester. France
1423.3.30 Jagiello and Sigismund allied against Hussites. Poland
1423.4 English, Burgundy & Brittany allied in France.
1423.4.27 Zizka’s army defeated Cenek’s men at Horic. Bohemia
1423 Turks plundered Morea. Greece
1423 English buccaneers plundered northern Iceland.
1423 Giovanna of Naples made Louis III her heir. Aragon
1423.12.4 England ransomed James I of Scotland.
1423-57 Doge Francesco Foscari governed Venice.
1424.2.2 Some nobles in Brabant were beheaded. Low Countries
1424.2.2 James I of Scotland married Joan Beaufort.
1424.6.28 Sigismund put Schleswig & Frisia in Denmark. Kalmar Union
1424 First witch was burned at Rome.
1424 Cologne expelled Jews. German Empire
1424 Alain Chartier wrote Belle dame sans merci. Christine
1424.8.17 English defeated French at Verneuil. England
1424.10 Humphrey of Gloucester invaded Hainault. England
1424-25 Bohemians fought civil war. Bohemia
1424-37 James I ruled Scotland.
1424-46 Vittorino taught in Gonzaga palace.
1425 Panormita published Hermaphroditus. Naples
1425 Jan van Eyck began painting. Low Countries
1425 James I confiscated Fife, Menteith & Lennox. Scotland
1425.12 Pope Martin V began university in Leuven. Low Countries Humanists
1425-34 Vasily fought Prince Yuri for the Moscow throne. Russia
1425-41 Queen Blanche ruled Navarre. Aragon
1425-48 John VIII ruled shrinking Byzantine empire. Greece
1425-62 Vasily II ruled Moscow. Russia
1425-79 Juan II of Aragon ruled Navarre. Castile
1426.1.13 Burgundy’s forces destroyed Humphrey’s fleet.
1426.5 Serbia made a treaty with Hungary.
1426 Florence gained Venice as an ally.
1426 70,000 Germans invaded Bohemia.
1426 Hanseatic merchants left Bergen. Kalmar Union
1426-47 Venice fought war against Milan. Venice
1427.3.12 Taborites drove Albrecht’s army from Moravia. Bohemia
1427 Florence imposed a tax on wealth.
1427-31 Peasants rebelled in Cassel. Low Countries
1428.8.27 160,000 crusaders fled from Bohemians. Bohemia German Empire
1428-54 Novgorod’s Archbishop Evfirmii opposed Moscow. Russia
1427 Barcelona suffered financial crash. Aragon
1427.10.11 Venetian army defeated Milanese army. Venice
1427.10 Sigismund captured Belgrade for Hungary.
1427-44 Bruni was chancellor of Florence.
1427-56 Ivan Fyodorovich ruled Ryazan. Russia
1428.4 Florence regained territory; Venice expanded.
1428.6 Turks drove Hungarians across the Danube. Hungary
1428 Bruni spoke for republican government.
1428.7.3 Jacoba & the Hooks reconciled with Philippe. Low Countries
1428.10.12 English led by Salisbury besieged Orléans. France
1429.3 Jeanne d’Arc offered to help Charles VII.
1429.5.14 Gerson wrote On the Maid of Orléans.
1429.5-6 Jeanne d’Arc led French army at Orléans.
1429 Palmieri wrote Della vita civile. Alberti
1429 Denmark’s navy defeated the Hanseatic League. Kalmar Union
1429 Queen Maria prevented Castile-Aragon war.
1429.7.17 Charles VII was crowned in Reims cathedral. Jeanne d’Arc
1429.7.31 Christine de Pizan wrote Tale of Jeanne d’Arc.
1430.1 Duke Philippe married Isabella of Portugal. Burgundy
1430.2.6 Friedrich paid Bohemians to leave Germany. Bohemia German Empire
1430.3 Turks conquered Thessalonica. Venice
1430.5.23 Jeanne d’Arc was captured at Compiegne. England
1430 Duke Philippe inherited Brabant & Limburg. Burgundy
1430.7 Castile & Aragon agreed to 5-year armistice.
1430.12.6 English purchased Jeanne d’Arc.
1430-32 Svitrigaila ruled Lithuania.
1431.1.9 Jeanne d’Arc’s trial at Rouen began.
1431.3.10 Essex priest Bagley was burned for heresy. England
1431.5 Six Lollard leaders were beheaded. England
1431.5.30 English burned Jeanne d’Arc.
1431 Milan defeated Venetian fleet.
1431 Cesarini led 5th crusade against Bohemia.
1431 Novgorod made a treaty with Lithuania. Russia
1431 James I imprisoned Archibald & John Kennedy.
1431.7.1 Castile defeated Muslims at La Higueruela. Granada
1431.8.14 Germany fled from Bohemia. German Empire
1431.12.16 English crowned Henry in Paris. French
1431-37 Church Council met at Basel. German Empire Swiss
1431-47 Gabriele Condulmer was Pope Eugenius IV.
1432.4 Yusuf was assassinated in Granada. Castile
1432.6 Ulu Mehmet recognized Vasily II in Vladimir. Russia
1432 Erik made a peace treaty with Henry VI. Kalmar Union
1432-40 Zygimantas Kestutaitis ruled Lithuania.
1432-45 Muhammad IX ruled Granada.
1432-58 Queen Maria ruled Aragon.
1433.4.12 Jacoba renounced Holland, Zeeland & Hainault. Low Countries
1433.4 Bedford married Jacquetta of Luxembourg. French
1433.4.28 Henry VI prohibited trade with Iceland.
1433.5.10 Treaty ended Florence’s war against Lucca.
1433.5.31 Pope Martin V crowned Sigismund emperor.
1433 Poland defeated Prussian Teutonic Knights.
1433 Nikolaus of Cusa wrote On Catholic Harmony.
1433 Philippe acquired Hainault, Holland, & Zeeland. Low Countries
1433 Charles VII made Coeur director of Paris mint. French
1433.7.23 Paul Crawar was burned for heresy in Scotland.
1433.9.9 Florence banished Cosimo de’ Medici.
1433-38 Duarte ruled Portugal.
1434.1.30 Pope Eugenius recognized Council’s authority.
1434.3 Pope Eugenius made treaty with Alessandro Sforza.
1434.5.25 Bohemian nobles defeated Taborites at Lipany. Bohemia
1434 Alfonso V founded university in Catania. Naples
1434.8.16 Swedish Council renounced loyalty to Erik. Kalmar Union
1434-35 Vasily Kosoi held Moscow. Russia
1434-40 Giovanni Vitelleschi ruled Rome.
1434-43 Pope Eugenius was in exile from Rome. German Empire
1434-64 Cosimo de’ Medici governed Florence.
1435 Alberti wrote On Painting.
1435 Teutonic Order lost war against Poland. German Empire
1435.8 Venice made treaty with Sigismund.
1435.9.14 English regent Bedford died in France. French
1435.9 Prague Diet elected Rokycana archbishop. Bohemia
1435.9.21 France made a treaty with Burgundy. England
1435.10 Swedish Council affirmed loyalty to Erik. Kalmar Union
1435.12.10 Burgundy & Charles VII ended French civil war.
1435-64 Roger van Weyden painted in Brussels. Low Countries
1436.3 Brunelleschi completed cathedral in Florence.
1436.4.17 French regained Paris.
1436.5.4 Magnus Bengtsson murdered Engelbrekt. Kalmar Union
1436.6.25 Dauphin Louis married Margaret of Scotland. French
1436 Bolt led Norwegian revolt against Erik. Kalmar Union
1436.7.5 Bohemians were reconciled with the Church. Basel
1437.7.29 Norwegian Council expelled all foreign lords. Kalmar Union
1436.8 English chased Flemings back to Burgundy. French
1436.8.23 Sigismund returned to Prague as King. Bohemia German Empire
1436.9.22 Aragon and Castile made a treaty.
1436-38 Inquisition burned 1,000s of heretics in Hungary.
1436-45 Fra Angelico painted in Florence.
1437.6.6 Peasant revolt defeated nobles at Babolna. Hungary
1437 Alberti wrote On Law.
1437 John VIII made Isidore Metropolitan of Kiev. Russia
1437 King Erik gave fiefs to Pomeranian relatives. Kalmar Union
1437 Portuguese were defeated and lost Ceuta. Portugal
1437.7 Charles VII pardoned conspirators. French
1437-53 Henry VI ruled England.
1438.1.5 Pope Eugenius began Council at Ferrara.
1438.1.8 Council at Basel suspended Pope Eugenius. Henry VI
1438.2 Patriarch Joseph II visited Venice.
1438.2 Bruges made peace and paid £480,000. Low Countries
1438 Augsburg banished Jews. German Empire
1438 Pedro Carrillo led nobles against Alvaro. Castile
1438.7.7 French Church asserted independence.
1438.10 Kart Knutsson became regent of Sweden. Kalmar Union
1438-39 Pope Eugenius held Church Council at Ferrara.
1438-39 Albrecht of Austria ruled Hungary. German Empire
1438-39 Albrecht of Austria ruled Bohemia. German Empire
1438-42 Bernardino was Vicar General of Observance.
1438-42 René of Anjou ruled Naples.
1438-45 Annibale Bentivoglio ruled Bologna. Rome
1439.1 Polish and Germans agreed to an armistice. German Empire
1438.3 Danish forces accused Karl Knutsson of treason. Kalmar Union
1439.6 Venice hired Francesco Sforza.
1439.6.25 Council of Basel deposed Pope Eugenius.
1439 Church Council at Florence gained unity. Rome
1439 Eastern patriarchs rejected Church unity. Greece
1439 Bruni wrote On the Florentine Polity.
1439 Turks conquered Serbia. Hungary
1439 Zürich began requiring licenses for baths. Swiss
1439 Enrique & Juan of Navarre challenged Alvaro. Castile
1439 Burgundy & England made trade agreements. French
1438.9.29 Treaty of Calais guaranteed free trade. Low Countries
1439.10 Juan II of Castile dismissed Alvaro.
1439.11.5 Basel Council elected Pope Felix V.
1439-40 Manetti wrote biographies.
1440.6.29 Florence defeated Milan at Anghiari. Rome
1440 Chelcicky wrote Net of Faith.
1440 Valla exposed “donation of Constantine.”
1440 Nikolaus of Cusa wrote On Learned Ignorance.
1440 Munich banished Jews. German Empire
1440 Karl Knutsson escaped from Sweden to Finland. Kalmar Union
1440 Enrique of Asturias married Blanche of Navarre. Castile
1440 English ransomed Charles of Orléans. French Henry VI
1440.7 Danes replaced Erik with his nephew Kristofer. Kalmar Union
1440-44 Ulaszlo I ruled Hungary.
1440-48 Pedro of Coimbra ruled Portugal as regent.
1440-49 Erik at Visburg planned raids against Swedes. Kalmar Union
1440-92 Casimir ruled Lithuania.
1440-93 Friedrich IV ruled Germany. German Empire
1441 Vasily II imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev. Greece
1441 Vasily II led attack on Novgorod. Russia
1441 Dutch agreed to a 12-year truce. Low Countries
1441 Bordeaux University was founded. French
1441 Henry VI founded King’s College at Cambridge.
1441.10.24 Francesco Sforza married Bianca Visconti. Venice
1441-48 Kristofer III ruled Sweden, Norway & Denmark. Kalmar Union
1442 Emperor Friedrich recognized Ferrara University. Vittorino
1442 Valla wrote Profession of the Religious.
1442 Friedrich IV made Piccolomini poet laureate.
1442 Bruni wrote History of the Florentine People.
1442 Friedrich IV made Piccolomini his secretary. German Empire
1442-58 Alfonso V of Aragon ruled Naples.
1443.4.6 Alvaro defended Jewish rights in Castile.
1443.5.20 Schwyz and Glarus declared war on Austria. Swiss
1443.6.14 Friedrich IV allied with Zürich. German Empire
1443 Pope Eugenius recognized Alfonso V of Naples.
1443 Alberti published On the Family.
1443 Hunyadi’s Hungarians defeated Turks 5 times. Hungary
1443 Russian bishops deposed Metropolitan Isidore. Russia
1443 Burgundy purchased Luxemburg from Bohemia.
1443.10.28 Dauphin Louis made a treaty with the Swiss. French
1443-48 Hanseatic league embargoed Novgorod. Russia
1444.11.10 Turks defeated Hungarian-Polish army. Hungary
1443.11 Sforza & Venice defeated Pope & Milan.
1444.6.21 20,000 Confederates besieged Zürich. Swiss
1444 Cosimo de’ Medici founded a public library. Florence
1444 Ottoman Turks defeated crusaders. Greece
1444 40,000 Armagnacs plundered the Rhine valley. German Empire
1444 Norwegian Council reduced German privileges. Kalmar Union
1444.7.13 Juan II banned discriminating against conversos. Castile
1444.10.21 French made a treaty with Swiss cantons.
1444-50 William Douglas was lieutenant-general. Scotland
1445.2 French agreed to evacuate Alsace. German Empire
1445.4.23 Henry VI married Margaret of Anjou. French
1445.5.19 Castile’s royal army defeated noble rebels.
1445 Ulu Mehmet founded Kazan. Russia
1446.6 Swiss Confederation made peace with Zürich.
1446 Milan started a general war in Italy. Florence
1446 Facio wrote De humanae vitae felicitate. Humanists
1446 Murad’s Muslims plundered Greece.
1446 Shemyaka captured and blinded Vasily II. Russia
1446 Nuremberg led confederation of 31 towns. German Empire
1446 Charles VII sent Coeur to negotiate on Genoa. French
1446-50 Hunyadi ruled Hungary as regent.
1446-62 Prince Ivan aided blind Vasily II. Russia
1447.2 Humphrey of Gloucester was arrested and died. Henry VI
1447 Vasily II recaptured Moscow. Russia
1447 Ryazan made treaties with Moscow & Lithuania. Russia
1447 Granada regained territory.
1447 Coeur mediated between Felix V & Nicholas V. French
1447-55 Tommaso Parentucelli was Pope Nicholas V.
1447-92 Casimir IV ruled Poland.
1448.2 Friedrich IV and Nicholas agreed on Concordat. German Empire
1448.3.16 English surrendered Le Mans & Maine. French Henry VI
1448 Sforza and Milanese defeated Venice’s army. Milan
1448 Valla published Elegantiarum latinae linguae.
1448 Facio wrote On Dignity and Excellence of Man. Humanists
1448 Hunyadi surrendered at Kosovo. Hungary
1448 Livonian knights made peace with Russians. Germany
1448 René of Anjou began the Order of the Crescent. French Poetry
1448 Margaret of Anjou founded Queen’s College. Henry VI
1448.7.16 Freiburg and Savoy made a treaty. Swiss
1448-53 Constantine XI was last Byzantine emperor. Greece
1448-57 Karl VIII ruled Sweden. Kalmar Union
1448-77 Afonso V ruled Portugal.
1448-81 Kristian ruled Denmark.
1449.4.7 Pope Felix V resigned. German Empire
1449.5.14 Treaty at Breisach guaranteed Basel’s autonomy. Swiss
1449.5.20 Afonso V’s army defeated and killed Pedro. Portugal
1449.5.23 English privateers captured 110 merchant ships. Henry VI
1449 Dauphin Louis allied with Duke of Savoy. France
1449.7.3 James II married Mary of Guelders.
1449.10 French regained Rouen.
1449.10.28 Kristian married Queen Dorothea. Kalmar Union
1449-50 Karl ruled Norway. Kalmar Union
1449-53 German towns and princes fought a war.
1449-60 James II ruled Scotland.
1449-60 Richard of York governed Ireland.
1450.1 Thomas Cheyne led an uprising from Kent. Henry VI
1450.1.21 Robert & Alexander Livingston were beheaded. Scotland
1450.4.15 French defeated English at Formigny. Henry VI
1450.5.3 Banished Suffolk was captured and beheaded. Henry VI
1450.5.24 Bernardino was declared a saint.
1450.5-7 Jack Cade led uprising from Kent to London. Henry VI
1450 Rome celebrated Jubilee Year.
1450 Piccolomini wrote Education for Boys.
1450 Pope Nicholas sent Nikolaus of Cusa to Germany.
1450 Austria ended its alliance with Zürich. German Empire
1450 York returned to England with 4,000 men. Henry VI
1450.10.26 Kristian married Dorothea of Brandenburg. Norway
1450.11 Alfonso V founded University of Barcelona. Aragon
1450-55 Bessarion was papal legate in Bologna. Humanists
1450-66 Francesco Sforza ruled Milan.
1450-81 Kristian ruled Norway from Denmark.
1451.3.9 Dauphin Louis married Charlotte of Savoy. France
1451.5 Richard of York suppressed rebels in Kent. Henry VI
1451.6.30 French took over Bordeaux. Henry VI
1451 James II founded the University of Glasgow.
1451.7.31 Coeur was arrested for malversation. French
1451.8 Burgundy’s Philippe became duke of Luxemburg.
1451.11.8 Pope Nicholas V approved inquisitors in Castile.
1451-53 John of Capistrano persecuted Jews in Germany.
1452.2.22 James II murdered William Douglas.
1452.3.18 Pope Nicholas V crowned Friedrich III emperor.
1452.4.7 York accepted a pardon from Henry VI.
1452.6.10 Savoy became independent of Austria. Swiss
1452.6.18 Papal bull approved slavery of non-Christians. Popes
1452 Florence made a treaty with France.
1452 Alberti wrote Ten Books on Architecture.
1452 Vasily II gave Kasimov to Mongol Kasim. Russia
1452 Karl VIII’s Swedish army invaded Norway.
1452 Commission investigated Jeanne d’Arc’s trial.
1452.10.17 English expelled the French from Bordeaux. Henry VI
1452-53 Burgundy invaded Brabant & Flanders.
1452-57 George of Podebrady was regent of Bohemia.
1452-93 Friedrich III was Holy Roman Emperor. German Empire
1453.2 Constantinople asked Venice for help.
1453.2.27 Papal dispensation ended Scottish civil wars. James II
1453.4 Pope Nicholas sent 10 galleys to Constantinople.
1453.5.29 Turks conquered Constantinople. Greece
1453.5.29 Charles VII fined Coeur 300,000 crowns. French
1453.6.2 Castile executed Alvaro de Luna for sorcery.
1453 Florence and Anjou attacked Venetians.
1453 Alfonso V of Naples crowned Filelfo with laurel.
1453 Nikolaus of Cusa wrote On the Peace of Faith.
1453 Dauphin Louis created Parlement at Grenoble. France
1453.7 Vasily II had Dmitry Shemyaka poisoned. Russia
1453.7.17 French destroyed the English army at Castillon. Henry VI
1453.10.19 French regained Bordeaux, ending the long war.
1453-55 Sweden and Denmark observed an armistice.
1453-58 Poggio Bracciolini was chancellor of Florence. Vittorino
1453-64 Abi Nasr Sa’d ruled Granada.
1453-66 Teutonic knights and Poland were at war. German Empire
1454.2 Richard of York presided over Parliament. England
1454.4.9 Milan & Venice made peace at Lodi. Florence
1454 German mercenaries and knights defeated Poles.
1454-61 Henry VI was king of England.
1454-74 Enrique IV ruled Castile.
1455.1.8 Pope Nicholas V gave African coast to Portugal.
1455.5.22 York’s army defeated Henry VI’s army. England
1455.6 James II confiscated Douglas estates.
1455 Casimir ordered Bible translated into Polish. Poland
1455 Gutenberg printed 180 Bibles. German Empire Humanists
1455.9.1 Hanseatic merchants killed 60 Norwegians. Norway
1455.10.19 Florentines marched for a crusade. Florence
1455.11.17 Parliament made Richard of York protector. England
1455-58 Alfonso de Borja was Pope Calixtus III.
1455-71 John Argyropoulos taught Greek in Florence.
1456.4 John Percy led a revolt in the Weald. England
1456 Pope Calixtus confirmed Portuguese slavery.
1456 Panormita wrote Sayings and Deeds of Alfonso. Humanists
1456 Turks captured Athens. Greece
1456 University of Greifswald was founded. German Empire
1456 King Kristian made a treaty with France. Denmark
1456 Enrique IV began the Santa Hermandad. Castile
1456 Villon wrote The Legacy.
1456.7.7 Jeanne d’Arc’s trial was annulled.
1456.8 Henry VI moved to Kenilworth. England
1456.8.30 Louis left Dauphiné to go to Burgundy. France
1457.6.20 Scotland made a truce with England. James II
1457 Archbishop Bengtsson led a revolt in Sweden.
1457 Charles VII annexed Dauphiné. France
1457 Palencia wrote Pitched Battle poem. Humanism
1457.8.24 Scots plundered Sandwich. England
1457-63 Albrecht VI ruled Upper Austria. German Empire
1457-64 Kristian ruled Sweden. Denmark
1457-71 George of Podebrady ruled Bohemia.
1457-92 Rodrigo Borgia was vice chancellor in Rome.
1458.1.4 Afonso V granted a tax to the Order of Christ. Portugal
1458.5.28 English navy destroyed Spanish fleet. England
1458 Milan renewed alliance with Naples.
1458 Peasants in Austria rebelled against cattle tax. German Empire
1458-64 Enea Silvio Piccolomini was Pope Pius II. Venice
1458-79 Juan II ruled Aragon.
1458-88 Duke François II ruled Brittany. France
1458-90 Matthias Corvinus ruled Hungary.
1458-94 Ferrante ruled Naples.
1459 Flavio Biondo wrote Rome Triumphant. Humanists
1459 Turks took over Serbia. Greece
1459 Count Vlad III of Wallachia impaled Saxons. Hungary
1459.9 Pope Pius II called for a crusade in 1460. German Empire
1459.9.23 Warwick’s force defeated Lancastrians. England
1459.10.12 Lancastrians routed Yorkists at Ludford Bridge. England
1459.10 Parliament attainted York, Salisbury & Warwick. England
1459-65 Ferrante of Naples survived several rebellions.
1460.2 Irish parliament declared independence. Ireland
1460 Alum was discovered at Tolfa. Florence
1460 Alberti wrote a handbook on rhetoric in Latin.
1460 Plowman from Bohemia by Saaz was printed. Germany
1460 Swiss took Thurgau from Sigismund.
1460 University of Basel was founded. Swiss
1460 Bruges founded the first commercial exchange. Low Countries
1460.7 Yorkists took over government in London. England
1460.10.24 York was recognized as Henry VI’s heir. England
1460.12.30 Richard of York was killed in Wakefield battle. England
1460-81 Kristian ruled Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark
1461.2 Margaret’s army defeated Warwick’s army. England
1461 Villon wrote Le Testament.
1461.11 English Parliament attainted 209 nobles. Edward IV
1461-70 Edward IV ruled England.
1461-83 Louis XI ruled France.
1462 Turks conquered Sinope, Trebizond & Argos.
1462 Castilians captured Archidoma and Gibraltar. Castile Granada
1462.9 Pope Pius II called for a crusade. Venice
1462-66 Peasant rebellions in Balearic Islands failed. Aragon
1462-71 Doge Cristoforo Moro governed Venice.
1462-1505 Ivan III ruled Moscow. Russia
1463 Turks conquered Bosnia and Morea. Venice
1463 Ficino translated Corpus Hermeticum.
1463 Turks took Bosnia & killed King Stephen. Greece Hungary
1463 Louis XI forbade French to go to Geneva’s fairs. Swiss
1463 France made a treaty with Aragon. Louis XI
1463.7 Scotland’s James IV besieged Norham castle. Edward IV
1463.12 Louis XI confirmed his alliance with Milan.
1464.5.1 Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville.
1464.5.15 Montague defeated Lancastrians at Hexham. Edward IV
1464 France gave Genoa and Savona to Milan.
1464 Pope Paul II authorized a printing press.
1464 Turks made Hercegovina an Ottoman province. Hungary
1464 Archbishop Bengtsson led a revolt in Sweden. Denmark
1464.6.11 Scotland & England made a 15-year truce. Edward IV
1464-71 Venetian Pietro Barbo was Pope Paul II. Venice
1465.1.16 Commission favored Pacheco’s reforms. Castile
1465.3.26 Louis XI took Saumur from René of Anjou.
1465.6.5 Pacheco crowned 11-year-old Enrique. Castile
1465 Venice sent squadron to Rhodes.
1465 Louis XI gave Normandy to Charles of Berry.
1465, 1472 Mongols punished Russians.
1465-67 Archbishop Bengtsson governed Sweden.
1465-73 Most Latin classics were printed. Humanists
1466.1.16 Rouen surrendered to Louis XI.
1466 Venice attacked Athens.
1466 Paul II excommunicated George of Podébrad. Bohemia
1466 Knights ceded Eastern Prussia to Poland. German Empire
1466 Louis XI made a 2-year truce with England.
1466 Bible was printed in German. Humanists
1466.8 Charles the Bold had Dinant destroyed. Burgundy
1466-76 Galeazzo Maria Sforza ruled Milan.
1466-82 Leonardo da Vinci studied art in Florence.
1467.5 Exiles with Venetian army invaded Tuscany. Florence
1467 Pope Paul II imprisoned Platina and Laeto.
1467 Chelcicky’s friends formed Unity of Brethren.
1467 British merchants killed Iceland’s chieftain Bjorn.
1467 Matthias founded University of Pozsony. Humanism
1467.11.24 Burgundy & England made a 30-year trade treaty. Edward IV
1467-70 Karl VIII ruled Sweden.
1467-77 Duke Charles the Bold ruled Burgundy.
1468.4 Louis XI convened three estates at Tours.
1468 Pope Paul II helped end Colleonic war. Florence
1468 Pope Paul II closed the Roman Academy.
1468 Alberti wrote moral dialog De iciarchia.
1468.7.1 Charles of Burgundy married Margaret. Louis XI
1468.7.5 Prince Alfonso died. Castile
1468.7.16 3 French armies invaded Brittany. Louis XI
1468.9.10 François II of Brittany made peace with France. Louis XI
1468.10.14 Charles the Bold made a treaty with Louis XI. Burgundy
1468.10.20 England & Aragon’s Juan II made a treaty. Edward IV
1469.1.8 Charles the Bold cancelled Ghent’s constitution. Burgundy
1469.2.7 Lorenzo de’ Medici sponsored a tournament. Florence
1469.5.28 James III married Margarete of Denmark.
1469 Venice approved first printing license.
1469 Kristian lost islands to Scotland. Norway
1469 Louis XI & Charles of Burgundy made a treaty.
1469 Louis XI & Warwick plotted against Edward IV.
1469.7.26 Warwick defeated Edward IV’s army at Edgecote.
1469.10.19 Fernando of Aragon married Isabel of Castile.
1469-88 James III ruled Scotland.
1469-90 Matthias ruled part of Bohemia.
1470.4.20 Warwick captured 60 Burgundian ships. Edward IV
1470 Paris got its first printing press. France
1470.7 Turks conquered Euripos. Venice
1470.7 Warwick allied with Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV
1470.8.13 Bern made a neutrality treaty with France. Swiss
1470.10.2 Edward IV fled to Burgundy.
1470-71 Henry VI ruled England. Edward IV
1470-92 Lorenzo de’ Medici governed Florence.
1470-97 Sten Sture ruled Sweden as regent.
1471.1 Portuguese began trading gold at Shama Bay. Portugal
1471.2.12 England declared war on Burgundy. Edward IV
1471.3 Edward IV returned to England.
1471.4 Edward IV arrested Henry VI.
1471.5.4 Edward IV defeated Margaret of Anjou.
1471.5.21 Henry VI was murdered in the Tower. Edward IV
1471 Ivan III attacked and defeated Novgorod. Russia
1471 Schweinsheim printed first geographical maps. German Empire
1471 Duke Charles of Burgundy invaded France.
1471 Portuguese took over Asila from Morocco. Portugal
1471 Bible was printed in Italian at Venice. Humanists
1471 Fichet published his Rhetorica in Paris. Humanism
1471.7.25 Thomas a Kempis died. Imitation of Christ
1471.10 Swedes defeated invading Danish army. Denmark
1471.10 Edward IV pardoned several hundred people.
1471.11.1 Aragon allied with Naples and Burgundy.
1471-73 Moscow annexed Iaroslavl, Perm and Rostov. Russia
1471-77 George of Clarence was lieutenant in Ireland.
1471-79 Poland and Hungary were at war.
1471-83 Edward IV ruled England.
1471-84 F. della Rovere was Pope Sixtus IV. Venice Florence
1471-1516 Vladislav Jagellonsky ruled Bohemia.
1472.4 Roussillon rebelled against France.
1472.6.11 Charles the Bold massacred garrison at Nesle. France
1472.6 Mercenaries besieged Volterra for Florence.
1472 Venetian navy ravaged ports in Asia Minor. Venice
1472 Lorenzo de’ Medici revived Pisa University.
1472 Siena founded Monte dei Paschi bank.
1472 Leonardo da Vinci was recognized as a master.
1472 Ivan III married Sofia Palaeologa. Russia
1472 Edward IV sent archers to Brittany.
1472.7.12 Richard of Gloucester married Anne Neville. Edward IV
1472.11.3 Louis XI & Charles of Burgundy made a truce.
1473.3.22 Edward IV made a truce with Louis XI.
1473 Venice took over Cyprus.
1473 Krakow printed first book in Polish. Poland
1473 Duke Charles of Burgundy took over Guelders.
1473 Louis XI divided Armagnac among 20 vassals.
1473 Welzer brothers founded a banking house. Humanists
1473-82 Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome was enlarged. Sixtus IV
1474.2.28 English & Hanseatic merchants made a treaty. Edward IV
1474.5.9 Alsatians executed Governor Hagenbach. Swiss
1474 Ficino wrote On Christian Religion.
1474 Barbaro translated Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics. Humanists
1474 Pierre de Hagenbach was beheaded for crimes. Low Countries
1474 Basel University established a chair of poetry. Humanists
1474.8.15 René II of Lorraine made a treaty with France.
1474.9.1 Papal forces drove Vitelli from Citta da Castello. Florence
1474.11.13 Swiss defeated Burgundy’s army at Héricourt. France
1474.12 Denmark’s Christian visited Milan.
1474-1504 Isabel ruled Castile.
1475.1.25 Duke of Milan made a treaty with Burgundy. France
1475.4.10 Portuguese invaded Extremadura. Castile
1475.5 Austria’s Sigismund made peace with Burgundy. Swiss
1475.5 Afonso invaded Castile to claim throne. Portugal
1475.5 Louis XI invaded Picardy.
1475.5.25 Castile declared war on Portugal.
1475.5.29 Juana la Beltraneja married Afonso V. Castile
1475 Turks took Caffa away from Genoa.
1475 Swiss army invaded Rhone valley.
1475.8.29 Louis XI made a treaty with Edward IV.
1475.9.13 Louis XI made a 9-year truce with Burgundy.
1475.9 Louis XI renounced his alliance with the Swiss.
1475.11.17 Castile and Granada made a truce.
1476.1 Charles of Burgundy seized town of Grandson. Swiss
1476.1 Castile punished Villena rebellion.
1476.3.1 Castile defeated Portuguese at Peleagonzalo.
1476.3 Swiss defeated Burgundians at Grandson. Burgundy
1476.6.22 Swiss drove Burgundians out of Murten. Burgundy
1476 Matthias married Ferrante’s daughter Beatrice. Hungary
1476 Bishop of Würzburg had Hans Boheim burned. German Empire
1476 Manrique wrote Stanzas on His Father’s Death. Castile
1476 Castile and Granada made a 5-year truce.
1476 Hermonymos began teaching Greek in Paris. Humanism
1477.1.5 Swiss killed Charles of Burgundy. German Empire France
1477.6 University of Uppsala was founded. Sweden
1477 Ficino completed translation of Plato’s works. Florence
1477 Ivan III made Novgorod dependent. Russia
1477 University of Siguenza was founded. Castile
1477 René of Anjou wrote Love-Smitten Heart. French Poetry
1477 William Caxton printed first books in English. Edward IV
1477 Bible was printed in French at Lyons. Humanists
1477.8.18 Maximilian married Marie of Burgundy. German Empire France
1477-95 Joao II ruled Portugal.
1477-1500 Ludovico Il Moro Sforza ruled Milan.
1477-1513 Gerald, the 8th earl of Kildare, was justiciar. Ireland
1478.1 Louis XI made a treaty with Venice.
1478.2 George of Clarence was killed in the Tower. Edward IV
1478.4.26 Pazzis murdered Giuliano de’ Medici. Florence
1478 Uri and Swiss besieged Bellinzona.
1478 Kristian’s son Hans married Kristina of Savoy. Denmark
1478.10.9 Castile & Aragon made peace with Louis XI.
1478.12 England allied with Maximilian secretly. Edward IV
1478.11.1 Pope Sixtus IV approved the Inquisition. Castile
1479.1.24 Turks and Venice made a treaty.
1479 Hungary and Poland made peace.
1479 Jan Vitéz left Matthias for Friedrich. German Empire
1479.8.7 Flanders & Hainault defeated a French army. Low Countries
1479.9.4 Castile & Portugal made a treaty at Alcaçovas.
1479.11 Sixtus IV called for a crusade against Granada. Castile
1479.11.24 Florence accepted a truce with papal forces.
1479-1516 Fernando II ruled Aragon.
1480.2 Lorenzo de’ Medici made peace with Naples.
1480.5.12 Edward IV made Gloucester lieutenant-general.
1480.5 Isabel & Fernando reorganized the royal council. Castile
1480 Poliziano’s Fabula de Orfeo was performed.
1480 Ivan III renounced allegiance to Golden Horde. Russia
1480 Moscow used arquebuses with gunpowder. Russia
1480 Castile suppressed rebels in Galicia.
1480.7 Louis XI inherited Anjou and claimed Bar.
1480.7.26 Castile and Portugal made a trade treaty.
1480.8.11 Turks captured city of Otranto. Florence Naples
1481 Freiburg & Solothurn joined Swiss Confederation.
1481.9.10 Alfonso of Calabria drove Turks out of Otranto. Naples
1481-1513 Hans ruled Denmark, Schleswig & Holstein.
1482.2.11 Pope Sixtus IV appointed 7 more inquisitors. Castile
1482.2 Isabel ordered knights to fight Muslims. Castile
1482.3.27 Marie of Burgundy died. German Empire
1482.5.13 Fernando rejected papal limits on Inquisition. Castile
1482.5 Fernando sent crusaders supplies from Cordoba. Castile
1482.6.10 Alexander of Albany claimed Scotland’s throne.
1482 Alfonso of Calabria’s army ravaged Papal States. Naples
1482 Portuguese established Sao Jorge da Mina. Portugal
1482 France annexed Maine and Provence.
1482.7.22 Nobles captured Scotland’s James III. Edward IV
1482.8.10 Sixtus asked Christians to pay for a crusade. Castile
1482.8.24 Berwick castle surrendered to the English. Edward IV Scotland
1482.12.23 Maximilian gave Burgundy to France. Edward IV
1482-84 Naples and Milan fought against Ferrara. Venice
1482-99 Leonardo da Vinci worked in Milan.
1483.1.1 Seville inquisitors expelled 10,000 Jews. Castile
1483.2 Pulci published Morgante Maggiore.
1483.4.20 Boabdil led attack on Lucena & was captured. Castile
1483.4-7 Richard of Gloucester was protector. Richard III
1483.5.25 Pope Sixtus put Venice under interdict.
1483 Biondo’s long Roman history was published. Humanists
1483 Sultan Bayezid II made peace with Hungary.
1483 Maximilian defeated rebelling Hoecks. German Empire
1483 Diebold Schilling completed Chronicle of Bern. Swiss
1483 Castilian invasion divided Granada in two.
1483.7.8 Alexander of Albany forfeited his property. Scotland
1483.8.2 Pope Sixtus IV expanded Inquisition in Spain. Castile
1483.12.25 Henry Tudor agreed to marry Elizabeth of York. Richard III
1483-85 Richard III ruled England.
1483-91 Anne of Beaujeu was regent of France.
1483-98 Torquemada led Inquisition in Spain. Castile
1483-1513 Hans was king of Norway from Denmark.
1484.1-2 French Estates General met at Tours. France
1484.5 Torquemada appointed inquisitors in Aragon.
1484.6.7 Agricola wrote a letter on education. Humanists
1484 France made a treaty with Flemish towns. Low Countries
1484 Palace at Guadalupe cost 2,732,333 maravedis. Castile
1484.8 Naples and Milan made peace. Venice
1484.9 Richard III made a truce with Scotland.
1484.11.23 Brittany’s François II made a treaty with France.
1484-92 Giovanni B. Cibo was Pope Innocent VIII. Venice
1485.5.8 36,000 Castilians besieged Ronda. Castile
1485.6 Hungarians captured Vienna. Hungary
1485 Innocent VIII aided Angevins against Naples.
1485 Dunois, Orléans et al criticized French finances. France
1485 Caxton published Le Morte d’Arthur by Malory. England
1485.7.22 Maximilian installed a German garrison at Ghent. Low Countries
1485.8.22 Henry Tudor’s army defeated & killed Richard III.
1485.9.15 Inquisitor Arbués was murdered in a cathedral. Aragon
1485, 1489 Moscow annexed Tver and Viatka. Russia
1485-1509 Henry VII ruled England.
1486.1.18 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York.
1486.2 Callimachus tried to stop war against Hungary. Humanism
1486.2.16 Maximilian was elected king of Germany.
1486.6 Maximilian invaded northern France briefly.
1486 Pico della Mirandola wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man.
1486 Leonardo da Vinci painted “Virgin of the Rocks.”
1486 Matthias sanctioned a long law code. Hungary
1486 Fernando II gave peasants more rights. Aragon
1486 Celtis wrote Art of Writing Verses and Poems. Humanists
1486.7 Henry VII made a truce with Scotland.
1486.8.11 Innocent VIII made peace with Ferrante. Naples
1486-87 Ferrante killed and imprisoned his enemies. Naples
1486-1501 Doge Agostino Barbarigo governed Venice.
1487.3 Charles VIII made treaty with 60 Breton nobles. France
1487.4.18 Emperor Friedrich crowned Celtis poet laureate. Humanists
1487 Savonarola preached in Lombardy.
1487 Archbishop of Novgorod began torturing heretics. Russia
1487 University of Salamanca had 7,000 students. Castile
1487 Kildare supported Simnel as “Edward VI.” Ireland
1487.8.18 Malaga capitulated to Castile.
1487.11.4 Radicals in Ghent revolted against Maximilian. Low Countries
1487.12.23 Bartolomeu Dias reached Hottentot Bay. Portugal
1487-1503 Pandolfo Petrucci ruled Siena.
1488.1.5 Ghent allied with France’s Charles VIII. Low Countries
1488.2.14 Emperor Friedrich III organized Swabian League. German Empire
1488.5.16 Bruges released captured Maximilian. German Empire Low Countries France
1488 7,000 Novgorod gentry were moved to Moscow. Russia
1488 Brederode and the Hoecks captured Rotterdam. Low Countries
1488 Erasmus wrote Oration on Peace and Discord.
1488.7.27 French defeated rebels & captured Orléans duke. France
1488.12.11 France declared war on Brittany.
1488-1513 James IV ruled Scotland. 482-7
1489 Pisa became wool port for England & Florence.
1489 Lorenzo de’ Medici began patronizing Michelangelo.
1489 Ficino published Three Books on Life.
1489 Leonardo da Vinci designed wedding festivities in Milan.
1489 Casimir & Bayezid II agreed to a 2-year truce. Poland
1489 Henry VII allied with Maximilian & Spain.
1489.7.22 Maximilian & French made a treaty. German Empire France
1490.1.20 Hans made a trade treaty with Henry VII. Iceland
1490 Diogo Cao led a mission to the Congo. Portugal
1490 Drummonds burned 120 Murrays in Scotland.
1490.11.29 Bruges capitulated to the French. Low Countries
1490-1515 Aldus Manutius printed 28 Greek classics. Venice
1490-1516 Vladislaus II ruled Hungary.
1491.1 Ludovico Sforza married Beatrice d’Este. Milan
1491.1.25 Poland & Lithuania defeated Tatars at Zaslaw.
1491 Ficino completed translation of Plotinus.
1491 Pico della Mirandola wrote De ente et uno.
1491 Maximilian granted Fugger and Cie silver mines. German Empire
1491.10.2 Henry VII invaded France. Charles VIII
1491.11.7 Maximilian made a treaty with Hungary. German Empire
1491.11.25 Boabdil surrendered Granada to Castile.
1491.12.6 Charles VIII married Anne of Brittany.
1491-93 Ivan III had Andrei the Elder imprisoned. Russia
1491-99 Warbeck claimed to be Richard of York. England
1491-98 Savonarola preached to many in Florence.
1491-98 Charles VIII ruled France.
1491-1518 Bishop Stephan Jonsson governed Iceland.
1492.1 Ludovico Sforza allied with France’s Charles VIII.
1492.2 Lorenzo de’ Medici reconciled Ferrante & Pope Innocent.
1492.3.4 Scotland made a treaty with France.
1492.4 Spain ordered all Jews to convert or leave. Castile
1492.4.17 Castile authorized voyage of Columbus.
1492 Fugger brothers married into Thurzos family. German Empire
1492 Diego de San Pedro published Prison of Love. Castile
1492 60,000 Jews migrated to Portugal.
1492 Celtis spoke at University of Ingolstadt. Humanists
1492 Nebrija wrote Art of Castilian Grammar. Spain Humanism
1492.10.12 Columbus landed in the Bahamas. Castile
1492.10 Callimachus wrote Counsels. Humanism
1492.11.3 France & Aragon made treaty at Barcelona. Charles VIII
1492, 1498 Hungary’s Vladislaus allied with Poland.
1492-1501 Jan Olbracht ruled Poland.
1492-1503 Rodrigo Borgia was Pope Alexander VI.
1492-1506 Casimir’s son Alexander ruled Lithuania.
1493.1 Bohemian army was dissolved. Bohemia
1493.1.19 France gave 2 provinces back to Aragon.
1493.2.27 Poland accepted constitution of Piotrkow.
1493.4 Milan allied with Pope Alexander VI & Venice. Borgias
1493.5.4 Alexander VI divided western world. Borgias Castile
1493.5 Maximilian made a treaty with France. Charles VIII
1493.5.29 Castile supplied Columbus with 17 ships.
1493.6.25 Scotland & England extended truce to 1501.
1493 Alexander VI pardoned Pico della Mirandola.
1493 Livonian Order, Pskov & Novgorod made treaty. Russia
1493 Swiss signed a treaty with Charles VIII.
1493 Denmark allied with Russia. Sweden
1493 Moravus wrote Dialog in Defense of Poetry. Humanism
1493.9.19 Alexander VI made his son Cesare a cardinal. Borgias
1493-1519 Maximilian ruled Germany.
1494.1 Alfonso of Naples allied with Alexander VI. Milan
1494.2.5 Lithuania made peace with Moscow.
1494.3.16 Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza. Milan German Empire
1494.4.18 Pope Alexander VI gave Naples to Ferrante. Charles VIII
1494.6.7 Portugal & Spain made Tordesillas treaty. Borgias Castile
1494 France’s Charles VIII invaded Italy. Borgias
1494 Boiardo left Orlando Innamorato unfinished.
1494 Ivan III closed Hanseatic trade to Novgorod. Russia
1494 Ulrich Fugger began managing papal funds. German Empire
1494 Reuchlin wrote On the Wonderful Word. Humanists
1494 Sebastian Brant wrote Ship of Fools. Humanists
1494.8 Charles VIII invaded Italy.
1494.9 Giuliano della Rovere fled to Avignon. Borgias
1494.10 Florence’s Piero gave Pisa to France.
1494.11 Charles VIII & French army visited Florence.
1494.11.17 Pico della Mirandola died of poison.
1494.12.2 Florence’s parliament overthrew Medici.
1494.12 Poyning’s law gave King power over Ireland.
1494.12.31 French army entered Rome. Borgias Charles VIII
1494-95 Alfonso II ruled Naples for 8 months.
1494-1506 Maximilian let his son Philip govern Flanders. Low Countries
1495.1.15 Pope Alexander VI & Charles VIII agreed.
1495.2 France’s Charles VIII invaded Naples. Venice
1495.2 Florence adopted Savonarola’s tax system.
1495.2 King’s College in Aberdeen was founded. Scotland
1495.2.27 Gerald of Kildare was arrested for treason. Ireland
1495.3.31 Holy League included Venice, Germany & Spain. Borgias
1495.5.24 Charles VIII left Naples.
1495 Pope proclaimed Fernando & Isabel “Catholic.” Borgias
1495 Russia allied with Denmark & invaded Finland.
1495 Diet of Worms banned private wars. German Empire
1495 Erasmus wrote the Book Against the Barbarians.
1495.7.6 League defeated the French at Fornovo. Milan Venice Borgias Charles VIII
1495.11 Perkin Warbeck found refuge in Scotland.
1495.11.30 Swedes and Finns turned back Russians. Sweden
1495-98 Leonardo da Vinci painted “The Last Supper.”
1495-1509 Pisa struggled for independence.
1495-1521 Manuel ruled Portugal.
1496.3 Gerald of Kildare submitted to Henry VII. Ireland
1496.6 Scotland’s Parliament passed Education Act.
1496 André de La Vigne wrote Vie de saint Martin. French Poetry
1496 Giovanni Nesi wrote Oracle of the New Century. Ficino
1496.7.21 French capitulated at Atella. Naples
1496.9 Scots and Warbeck invaded England. Scotland
1496.10.20 Philip of Flanders married Juana of Spain. Low Countries
1496-1501 Federico ruled Naples.
1497.1.3 Beatrice d’Este died in childbirth. Milan
1497.3 Sweden made a 6-year truce with Ivan III.
1497.5.13 Pope Alexander VI excommunicated Savonarola.
1497.5.30 Manuel granted amnesty to converted Jews.
1497.6.16 Henry VII suppressed a tax rebellion.
1497.6.24 John Cabot sighted land in America. England
1497 Poland mobilized 80,000 men against Turks.
1497 Moscow promulgated laws wider. Russia
1497 Celtis founded Literary Society of the Danube. German Empire
1497.8 Frateschi party controlled Florence.
1497.9.28 Danish army invaded & defeated Swedish army. Denmark
1497-1501 Hans ruled Sweden. Denmark
1498.3.1 Frateschi party lost elections in Florence.
1498.4.8 Savonarola was arrested in Florence.
1498.5.18 Vasco da Gama reached Malabar in India. Portugal
1498.5.23 Savonarola and 2 others were hanged.
1498 Castile disbanded Santa Hermandad.
1498 Our Lady of Mercy was founded in Portugal.
1498.7.31 Fernando II made a treaty with Louis XII. Aragon
1498.8.17 Cesare Borgia was no longer a cardinal.
1498-1507 Archbishop Deza led Inquisition in Spain. Castile
1498-1512 Machiavelli was a chancellor of Florence.
1498-1514 Louis XII ruled France.
1499.1 Louis XII married Queen Anne.
1499.2 France’s Louis XII allied with Venice.
1499.3 Louis XII made a treaty with the Swiss.
1499.3 Ordinance of Blois shortened trials. France
1499.5 Cesare Borgia married Charlotte d’Albret.
1499.5 Isabel ordered Indian slaves sent back.
1499.5.22 Swiss defeated the Austrians.
1499 French took over Genoa.
1499 Florence executed Vitelli for treason.
1499 Angelo Colocci wrote Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Humanists
1499 Pontano wrote Naples’ history & De prudentia. Humanists
1499 La Celestina was published. Castile
1499.7.12 England & Scotland made a peace treaty. Henry VII
1499.7.18 Louis XII’s French army invaded Milan.
1499.7.22 Swiss defeated Austrian army at Dornach. German Empire
1499.8 Turks took Lepanto. Venice
1499.9.22 Maximilian signed a treaty with Swiss at Basel.
1499.10.6 Cesare Borgia escorted Louis XII into Milan.
1500.1 Spain ordered Granadans to convert. Castile
1500.1 Lodovico Sforza liberated Milan from the French. Louis XII
1500.3 Papal bull offered indulgences for money. Borgias
1500.3 French army reconquered Milan. Louis XII
1500.4.8 French captured Ludovico Sforza. Milan
1500.4.22 Cabral discovered South America. Portugal
1500 Machiavelli negotiated with Louis XII. Florence
1500 Pilgrims came to Rome for Jubilee Year.
1500 Germany was organized into six circles.
1500 Swiss mercenaries fought on both sides at Milan.
1500 Columbus was sent back to Spain in chains. Castile
1500 Louis XII brought 1,000 manuscripts to Paris. Humanism
1500 Erasmus published Adages in Paris. Humanism
1500.7.14 Vladislaus married Anne of Foix. Hungary Poland
1500.8 France joined Hungarian-Polish alliance. Hungary
1500.9.28 Pope Alexander VI appointed 12 cardinals. Borgias
1500.11.11 Louis XII & Fernando made a secret treaty.
1500-03 Cesare Borgia led the papal army.
1500-03 Moscow and Lithuania were at war. Russia
1500-12 French ruled Milan.
1501.5.25 Louis XII invaded Italy again.
1501.6.9 Basel joined the Swiss Confederation.
1501 Cesare Borgia invaded Florence.
1501 French army invaded Naples.
1501 Pontano wrote De immanitate. Humanists
1501 Leonardo da Vinci painted “Virgin and Child.”
1501 Vienna University began Academy of Poetry. Humanists
1501.8.4 French army occupied Naples. Louis XII
1501.8.10 Schaffhausen joined the Swiss Confederation.
1501.11.14 Prince Arthur married Catherine of Aragon. Henry VII
1501-03 Sten Sture ruled Sweden as regent.
1501-06 Casimir’s son Alexander ruled Poland.
1501-21 Doge Leonardo Loredan governed Venice.
1502.1.24 England & Scotland made a peace treaty.
1502.2.12 Spain ordered unbaptized Moors to leave. Castile Granada
1502.5.6 Queen Kristina surrendered Stockholm. Denmark
1502.6 Vitelli helped Arezzo revolt against Florence.
1502 Ivan III attacked Smolensk. Poland
1502 Austrian general Diet was created. German Empire
1502 Plot in Speyer against priests was crushed. German Empire
1502 Danish army invaded Norway and Sweden. Denmark
1502 Spain required licenses to print books. Castile
1502 Portuguese built forts in North Africa. Portugal
1502.7 Spain’s Gonzalo entered Naples. Louis XII
1502.9.20 Florentines elected Piero Soderini. Florence
1503.1.18 Pope Alexander VI had 2 Orsini executed. Borgias
1503.2 Handbook of the Militant Christian by Erasmus.
1503.3.28 Ivan made a 6-year truce with Poland.
1503.3.31 Louis XII & Fernando made a 3-year truce.
1503.5.14 Spaniards took Naples from the French. Aragon
1503 Reuchlin wrote On the Art of Preaching. Humanists
1503 Paris began using Roman type. Humanism
1503.7.20 Swiss Diet restricted mercenaries.
1503.8.8 James IV of Scotland married Mary Tudor.
1503.10.18 Pius III died after 26 days as pope. Julius II
1503-12 Hungary and Ottomans were at peace.
1503-13 Giuliano della Rovere was Pope Julius II. Venice
1504.2.11 France and Spain signed a 3-year truce. Florence
1504.4 Michelangelo finished “David” in Florence.
1504 Gonsalvo began ruling Naples for Spain.
1504 Jacopo Sannazzaro published his Arcadia. Humanists
1504 Moscow stopped tolerating heretics. Russia
1504 Henry VII appointed Colet dean at St. Paul’s.
1504.8.19 Gerald of Kildare won a battle in Connacht. Ireland
1504.9.22 Louis XII allied with Maximilian & Philip.
1504-06 Cesare Borgia was imprisoned in Spain. Julius II
1504-12 Svante Nilsson ruled Sweden as regent.
1504-16 Fernando ruled Castile as regent. Spain
1505.3 Pietro Bembo published Gli Asolani. Humanists
1505.4.7 Maximilian recognized Louis XII in Milan.
1505.4 Henry VII sent £108,000 to Archduke Philip.
1505 Kazan provoked a war with Moscow. Russia
1505 Ovando began encomienda system in America. Castile
1505 Maximilian crowned Murner poet laureate. Humanists
1505 Wimpheling wrote Epitome of German History. Humanists
1505.10 Fernando II & Louis XII made a treaty at Blois.
1505-09 Almeida governed Portugal’s colonies in India. Portugal
1505-33 Vasily III ruled Moscow. Russia
1506.3 Genoa revolted against the French. Louis XII
1506 Pope Julius II initiated new St. Peter’s church.
1506 Scotland’s James IV had a large fleet built.
1506.8 Pope Julius II led a military campaign.
1506.11.11 Pope Julius II entered Bologna.
1506.12.6 Florence authorized a national militia.
1506-13 Prince Kristian governed Norway. Sweden
1506-15 Maximilian governed the Netherlands. Low Countries
1506-48 Sigismund Jagiellon ruled Poland & Lithuania.
1507.2 Michelangelo finished a statue of Pope Julius II.
1507.3.12 Cesare Borgia was killed fighting for Navarre. Julius II
1507.5.31 Poland allied with Hungary.
1507 Chigi became notary of Apostolic Chamber. Julius II
1507 Manuel outlawed discrimination against Jews. Portugal
1507 Printing began in Scotland.
1507.9.30 9 Swiss cantons refused to fight in foreign wars.
1507-08 Moscow and Lithuania were at war. Russia
1507-12 Pandolfo Petrucci ruled Siena. Florence
1507-17 Cardinal Cisneros led Inquisition in Spain. Castile
1507-30 Margaret of Austria governed the Netherlands. German Empire
1508.4 Maximilian & Venice agreed to a 3-year truce.
1508 Machiavelli negotiated with Maximilian. Florence
1508 Cardinal Cisneros founded University of Alcala. Spain
1508 Everyman was printed in English. Morality Plays
1508 Trithemius wrote Seven Secondary Intelligences. Humanists
1508 Budé published Annotations on the Pandects. Humanism
1508.7.28 Julius II gave Fernando patronage in America. Spain
1508.12.10 Pope Julius II formed the Cambrai league. Venice
1508-09 Sebastian Cabot sailed to New Found Lands. England
1508-12 Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel ceiling.
1508-20 Raphael painted in Rome.
1509.1 France declared war on Venice. Julius II
1509.2 Portuguese won a victory in the Indian Ocean. Portugal
1509.3.14 Arsenal exploded in Doges’ Palace. Venice
1509.4.13 Louis XII declared war on Venice.
1509.4.27 Pope Julius II condemned Venice for war.
1509.5.14 French defeated Venetians at Agnadello. Venice Julius II Louis XII
1509.5.28 Papal legate recovered Rimini, Faenza & Ravenna. Venice
1509.6.9 Pisa surrendered to Florence.
1509.6.11 Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon.
1509 Sigismund extended Ottoman treaty 5 years. Poland
1509 Danes raided Turku in Finland. Sweden
1509 Ojeda founded Darien colony in Panama. Spain
1509 Maximilian ordered Jewish books confiscated. Humanists
1509 Erasmus wrote Against War.
1509.10.24 Florence agreed to pay Maximilian 40,000 ducats.
1509.12.29 Venice made peace with Pope Julius II.
1509-15 Albuquerque governed colonies in India. Portugal
1509-47 Henry VIII ruled England.
1510.1.23 Hungary mediated Poland-Moldavia peace.
1510.2 Venetian envoys submitted to Pope Julius II.
1510.3.14 Swiss made 5-year alliance with Pope Julius II.
1510 Pope Julius II withdrew from League of Cambrai. Venice
1510 Brescia burned 140 people for witchcraft. Julius II
1510 French bishops condemned Pope Julius II.
1510 Moscow annexed Pskov. Russia
1510 Swedes captured Kalmar and Borgholm. Sweden
1510 Reuchlin opposed banning Jewish books. Humanists
1511.1 Pope Julius II led siege of Mirandola.
1511.5.14 French forced Julius II to flee from Bologna.
1511 Pope Julius II put Florence & Pisa under interdict.
1511 Pfefferkorn published Hand Mirror. Humanists
1511 Erasmus published The Praise of Folly.
1511.9 French & Spanish held Church Council at Pisa.
1511.10.4 Pope Julius II allied with Venice & Spain. Louis XII
1511.11.3 Louis XII reconciled James IV & Henry VIII. Scotland
1511.11.5 Small Church Council at Pisa began. Florence Julius II
1511.11.13 Henry VIII joined the Holy League.
1512.1 Pope Julius II sent legate Schiner to Swiss.
1512.2.6 Colet criticized Church abuses in London.
1512.4.11 French defeated the Holy League. Louis XII
1512.4.19 Pope Julius II summoned the Lateran Council.
1512.6 Holy League drove French out of Italy. Florence Julius II
1512 Swiss army captured Pavia and Milan.
1512 Portugal published modern law code.
1512 Empire banned Reuchlin’s Eye Mirror. Humanists
1512 Lefevre wrote Commentary on Pauline Epistles. Humanism
1512.8.27 Soderini imprisoned 40 Mediceans. Florence
1512.8.29 Spaniards killed 5,000 at Prato. Florence
1512.8.31 Piero Soderini fled Florence; Medici returned. Florence
1512.9.14 Cardinal Giovanni returned to Florence.
1512.12.27 Laws of Burgos recognized Indian rights. Spain
1512-15 Massimiliano ruled Milan.
1512-17 5th Lateran Council affirmed papal authority. Julius II
1512-20 Younger Sten Sture ruled Sweden as regent.
1512-22 Moscow and Lithuania were at war. Russia
1513.3.11 Giovanni de’ Medici was elected Pope Leo X. Florence
1513.3.23 Venice made treaty with France. Louis XII
1513.3.27 Colet preached against war to Henry VIII.
1513.4.2 Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. Spain
1513.4.5 Leo X allied with Maximilian, Henry & Fernando.
1513.6.6 Swiss helped the Milanese defeat the French. Milan
1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince.
1513 Maximilian allied with Henry VIII against France. German Empire
1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss Confederation.
1513 Swiss army invaded Burgundy.
1513 Peasants revolted against Bern and other cities. Swiss
1513.8 English defeated the French near Thérouanne. Henry VIII
1513.8 Scots raided Northumberland. James IV
1513.9.7 English army defeated & killed James IV. Henry VIII
1513.9 Vasily III of Moscow invaded Lithuania.
1513.9 Balboa crossed Panama to the Pacific Ocean. Spain
1513-17 Machiavelli wrote The Discourses.
1513-21 Giovanni de’ Medici was Pope Leo X.
1513-23 Kristian II ruled Denmark and Norway.
1514 Hungarian peasants rebelled against crusade. Hungary
1514 Werboczy compiled Hungarian law in Tripartitum. Hungary
1514 Moscow regained Smolensk. Russia
1514 Maximilian ordered codification of customary law. German Empire
1514 Glareanus went to Basel to teach Latin & Greek. Swiss
1514 Albrecht Dürer painted “Melancholia I.” Humanists
1514 Letters of Obscure Men was published. Humanists
1514.7 Queen Margaret reconciled parties in Scotland.
1514.8.10 England & France proclaimed peace.
1514.8 Louis XII made a treaty with England.
1514.9.8 Polish-Lithuanian army defeated Muscovites.
1514.10 Hungarian Diet passed laws to control peasants. Hungary
1515 Leo X expanded papal officials from 141 to 612.
1515 Portugal’s spice trade made one million cruzados.
1515 Erasmus published expanded Adages.
1515.7.7 Fernando II annexed Navarre.
1515.7.12 Kristian II married Elizabeth of Austria. Denmark
1515.7.22 Sigismund made a treaty with Hapsburgs. Lithuania German Empire
1515.9 French defeated the Milanese at Marignano. Milan
1515.9 French offered the Swiss one million crowns.
1515.9.16 Milan capitulated to the French. France
1515.11 Wolsey became a cardinal. England
1515.12 Pope Leo X made concessions to François.
1515.12.23 Las Casas asked Fernando for colonial reform. Spain
1515-16 Bishop of Geneva burned 500 for witchcraft. Swiss
1515-47 François ruled France.
1516.2 Erasmus published the dual New Testament.
1516.6 Education of a Christian Prince by Erasmus.
1516 Pope Leo X offered indulgences for St. Peter’s.
1516 Pomponazzi wrote On Immortality of the Soul. Humanists
1516 Ariosto published Orlando Furioso.
1516 Castiglione wrote The Book of the Courtier.
1516 Budé wrote De l’Institution du Prince. Humanism
1516.8.13 François and Charles of Hapsburg made a treaty. France
1516.11 Swiss and French agreed on peace at Geneva.
1516.12 Thomas More published Utopia.
1516-19 Leonardo da Vinci painted for King François.
1517.3.5 Pope Leo X called for a 5-year European truce.
1517.3.11 François allied with Maximilian & Charles.
1517.3 Erasmus wrote The Complaint of Peace.
1517.5.1 Londoners rioted against foreigners. England More
1517 Maximilian gave Verona back to Venice.
1517 Maximilian’s novel Theuerdank was published. German Empire
1517 Kristian II with Russians invaded Sweden.
1517 Julius Excluded from Heaven was published. Erasmus
1517.7.3 Pope Leo X appointed 31 cardinals.
1517.8.26 Scotland allied with France.
1517-25 Ariosto wrote his seven Satires.
1518 Machiavelli wrote the play Mandragola.